Abstract
There are numerous challenges for Indonesia to achieve inclusive and equitable education. One of the persistent issues is the high number of out-of-school children (OOSC). Therefore, this study aims to identify the determinants of OOSC among 7-to-18-year-olds in Indonesia, who are in the compulsory schooling age. Using a socio-ecological model approach, determinants of OOSC are examined across various levels: individual, household, and community. This study uses the head of household's education level and employment status as instrumental variables for per capita expenditure (a proxy for income), which is one of the independent variables. Other independent variables are child's sex, disability status, presence of biological mother in household, household size, and type of residence. Using IV-probit regression, results indicate that disability status is the strongest determinant of OOSC among 7-to-18-year-olds. Assuming average values of the independent variables, the likelihood of being OOSC for children with disabilities is 23.5% higher compared to those without disabilities. Another finding is that higher per capita expenditure is associated with a lower risk of children being out of school. Furthermore, boys, children not living with their biological mother, living in households with more than 4 members, and living in rural areas are at the higher risk of being OOSC. The study finally calls for government to; improve facilities and infrastructure, especially in rural areas; provide education assistance for those who are at high risk of being OOSC; and promote inclusive education programs for children with disabilities since they are one of the most marginalized groups.
Author Information
Freshy Windy Rosmala Dewi, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
Azka Muthia, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
Paper Information
Conference: ACE2024
Stream: Primary & Secondary Education
This paper is part of the ACE2024 Conference Proceedings (View)
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To cite this article:
Dewi F., & Muthia A. (2025) Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Education: Who’s Left Behind? ISSN: 2186-5892 – The Asian Conference on Education 2024: Official Conference Proceedings (pp. 843-856) https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2186-5892.2025.74
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2186-5892.2025.74
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