User Experience of Virtual Reality in Lieyu Bunker Tours: Case Studies of Jiangjun Bunker and Shaxi Tunnel

Author Information

Han-Yu Yu, National Taipei University of Education, Taiwan
Kuan-Hsuan Chen, National Taipei University of Education, Taiwan
Chun-Di Chen, National Taipei University of Education, Taiwan

Abstract

This study examines how an image-based virtual reality (VR) tour platform can enhance young adults' interest in visiting Lieyu Island, Kinmen, a former military buffer zone between Taiwan and mainland China. Following the end of military administration in 1992, Lieyu has developed tourism around its natural scenery, cultural heritage, and wartime landscapes. Based on local characteristics and site accessibility, two coastal defense sites—the Jiangjun Bunker in the northeast and the Shaxi Tunnel in the southwest—were selected for platform development. The platform integrates panoramic bunker scenes with interactive markers presenting architectural, military, and historical information. The study proceeded in four stages: panoramic image capture and field documentation; platform construction with thumbnail-based navigation and hotspots; usability testing with 45 participants aged 19–28 using the System Usability Scale (SUS), the Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS), and focus group interviews; and integrated analysis. Results showed an SUS score of 84.6 (Grade B), indicating high usability and user confidence but limited intention for repeated use. QUIS results confirmed smooth system operation, while interviews suggested that simplified interactive games and two-dimensional (2D) scenic visual elements could improve engagement. The findings provide design recommendations for VR-supported heritage tourism targeting younger visitors to Lieyu.

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