Author Information
Kazumasa Ozeki, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, JapanShunsuke Ogura, Wakamizu Junior High School, Japan
Yasuhiro Kawashima, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Japan
Abstract
Butterfly is considered particularly challenging to learn in Japanese junior high school physical education, and reduced swimming opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic may have further intensified this difficulty. This study examined whether butterfly swimming skills improved over a nine-lesson unit supported by ICT-based instructional materials. Participants were 75 Grade 9 students from a junior high school in Nagoya, Japan. Students who were absent for three or more lessons were excluded, resulting in 66 participants. In Lessons 1 and 9, students performed a maximal-effort 25 m butterfly swim (water start; permitted to stop if breathless). Swimming movements were recorded from an above-water lateral view using a tablet device (approximately 3 m; 60 fps). Two trained raters evaluated the videos using a 12-point scale comprising four components (posture, kick, pull, and breathing; 1–3 points each). Inter-rater reliability was high (ICC(2,1) = 0.881; ICC(2,2) = 0.937). Total skill scores increased from 6.33 ± 2.76 at pre-test to 8.05 ± 2.59 at post-test (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < .001, r = .78; N = 66). All component scores also increased (p < .001; r = .62–.73). After the unit, 58 of 66 students (87.9%) managed to complete a 25 m butterfly swim. Although the lack of a control group limits causal inference, the findings suggest that ICT-based materials may support butterfly skill acquisition in school-based swimming instruction, even under restrictions on device use at the poolside.
Paper Information
Conference: IICE2026Stream: Teaching Experiences
This paper is part of the IICE2026 Conference Proceedings (View)
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To cite this article:
Ozeki K., Ogura S., & Kawashima Y. (2026) ICT-Based Instructional Materials and Butterfly Stroke Skill Acquisition in Junior High School Students: A Pre–Post Evaluation ISSN: 2189-1036 – The IAFOR International Conference on Education – Hawaii 2026 Official Conference Proceedings (pp. 175-182) https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2189-1036.2026.17
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2189-1036.2026.17
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