Robotic Animal-Assisted Therapy for Older Adults with Dementia and Children with Autism: A Scoping Review

Author Information

Julia Wong, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
Pearlyn Tan, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
Shu Jun Lin, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
Hua Beng Lim, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
Jessica Tan, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore

Abstract

Robotic animal-assisted therapy (RAAT) uses interactive robotic animals, such as PARO seals and AIBO dogs, to promote psychological well-being and social interaction. In land-scarce and culturally diverse Singapore where religious sensitivities and space may limit the use of live animals, RAAT offers a promising alternative. This scoping review explores the extent, range, and nature of existing research on RAAT for two populations: older adults with dementia and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), focusing on outcomes related to depressive and agitation symptoms in dementia, and social functioning in ASD.

A systematic search was conducted across three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL) for studies published in the past ten years, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Of 1,009 records screened, 16 studies met inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted in Western contexts, with limited sample diversity. ASD studies in our review predominantly involved male participants, while dementia studies overrepresented females. Interventions varied widely in design, shaped by practice settings (e.g., schools, care homes, hospitals) and the professional backgrounds of the researchers.

Most studies focused on behavioural and impairment-level outcomes, with fewer addressing holistic, participation-based impacts. Although findings are not generalisable due to small, homogenous samples, several studies reported positive effects of RAAT, including improved eye contact, emotional responsiveness, reduced depressive symptoms, and enhanced engagement.

Overall, the evidence base remains limited and context dependent. Greater methodological consistency and cultural inclusivity are needed. Future research should prioritise larger, more diverse samples and longitudinal, cross-cultural studies to better evaluate RAAT’s therapeutic potential.

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