Purpose in Life and Physical Health in Later Adulthood: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study

Author Information

Nahoko Kusaka, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Japan
Emi Yamagata, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Japan
Atsuko Shimomura, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Japan

Abstract

This study aimed to examine how a sense of purpose in life (PIL) influences physical health and cognitive functioning in later life, using a five-year longitudinal approach. Focusing on the impact of PIL on well-being among older adults, the research sought to clarify its associations with both physical and psychological factors. The participants were 26 older adults who consistently participated in an annual physical fitness assessment program from 2018 to 2023. For the analysis, data from 2018, 2021, and 2023 were used. The fitness assessments included measures of flexibility, explosive strength, agility, and leg muscle power, serving as indicators of physical function over time. In addition, participants completed Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), which consists of six dimensions (positive relations, self-acceptance, autonomy, personal growth, environmental mastery, and purpose in life), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and a questionnaire on daily living activities. Results showed a significant positive correlation between changes in 20-second stepping counts and the PIL component of the PWBS. Participants with higher PIL scores tended to maintain or improve their physical abilities. Moreover, those who showed greater improvements in stepping counts were more likely to engage in hobbies or paid work, indicating a more active and socially connected lifestyle. These findings suggest that a strong sense of purpose in life may contribute positively to the maintenance of physical health in older age. Future research should explore psychological and social interventions aimed at enhancing PIL to promote overall well-being in aging populations.

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